One of the benefits of reading several interpretations of TSZ is that I will have a chance to compare not just their particular ideas about the text, but their overall interpretive strategy. Finding the right strategy is no small matter in this case. As I mentioned before, the book is at best obscure and at worst deceptive. Interpreting it as "normal" philosophy is bound to fail; if Nietzsche had wanted to give us some particular propositional message, he wouldn't have written in this style. Interpreting TSZ as literature, as if it were a novel, seems like a better strategy.
Unfortunately, we often approach novels in a way that does them (at least the good ones) a disservice. We frequently treat characters, events, and objects in them as symbolic in a very simple sense. The whale symbolizes God. Tom Joad is Christ. X = Y. Etc ... Any art that can be reduced to this sort of simplistic mapping of meaning is, I submit, bad art. In fact, it's not really art at all, but simply an essay or op-ed walking around in disguise, usually one with a strongly one-sided political motivation. Good art doesn't just mean something, it does something to us. In fact, with the best art, what it ultimately means is what it does to us, what transformation it produces in us, how it 'moves' us.
TSZ is good art. So even if we decide to approach the book as literature, we shouldn't do so as if it were just a sort of propositional code. Nietzsche is not trying to found a new religion. He hasn't taken his new 'truth' and disguised it in symbolic form to make it more amenable to mass consumption. Zarathustra is not the anti-Christ and the Overhuman in not the new God. To say that any of the X images symbolize Y will trivialize any good art. With TSZ though, the danger of this type of (mis)interpretation is raised to a new level. Because this wicked book constantly tempts us to make this very mistake. Nietzsche's heavy use of metaphor constantly borders on allegory. We are tempted to try and make sense of the book by identifying what each character or image represents. This is our natural way of approaching the text and even the world -- we encode it into symbols. I think part of Nietzsche's goal in TSZ is to show us this interpretive process repeatedly happening within ourselves, and show us its repeated failure. In a way similar to Kafka, he has created what seems like a puzzle that should have a solution. This suggestively charged parable should mean something, right? But it doesn't have a solution -- even the thesis I'm outlining here is not a solution in the sense of "what the book really means" -- because it's not actually a puzzle. It's not something we're going to solve, but something that is going to work on us, do something to us, if we let it. This turns out to be exactly how one Zen master describes koan practice:
To work on a koan is to let a koan work on you ... Any analysis is a waste of time, and at best will produce a "fox" or pseudo-Zen response. Koans are a devilish instrument because they deliberately tempt us to make an interpretation, explanation, imitation or analysis; and yet, it is only when we exhaust or give up these lines of investigation that a deeper level of inquiry becomes possible. Often, only when we are able to admit in frustration that we don't know anything, can true koan practice begin
These observations serve as a good prologue to our first real foray into Jung's commentary. I've read up to the point where the seminar reached the end of Zarathustra's prologue. Since there are 262 pages of seminar transcript covering the first 12 pages of TSZ, this is definitely a close reading. Jung has a lot of interesting stuff to say about the text, and slides into a number of interesting tangents about both historical questions and the state of the world in 1934. But at this point it's clear that he's approaching the text with the fundamentally flawed interpretive strategy I just discussed. His basic premise is that TSZ should be read as the dream or vision of a madman. Since interpreting neurotic's dreams is Jung's bread and butter, this shouldn't really surprise us. Nor does he mean to dismiss the book with this perspective. On the contrary, Jung is genuine in his belief that the whole idea of psychoanalysis is to use these glimpses of the 'abnormal' psyche to understand how the 'normal' psyche functions under the surface. While this general hypothesis might be fine as far as it goes, it turns out to be a tremendously limiting way of approaching TSZ. Jung interprets the character of Zarathustra as an example of the archetypal "wise old man" who represents a powerful spiritual truth. The book itself then becomes nothing more than the record of the man Nietzsche's possession by this archetype. Nietzsche comes to identify himself with, and lose himself in, this powerful archetypal figure in a process that Jung calls an "inflation". TSZ is merely a symptom of the hidden megalomania that will eventually drive Nietzsche insane (8 years after he writes TSZ). In fact, Jung goes so far as to read the death of the rope-dancer, and Zarathustra's comment that the dancer's, "... soul will be dead even sooner than [his] body."(pg.18) as Nietzsche's premonition of his own catatonic insanity. Identifying with strange archetypes is a dangerous business apparently, and this is what happens Larry.
I think this flunks Literary Criticism 101 for any number of reasons. It commits the cardinal sin of identifying the author with his protagonist. It reduces everything Nietzsche wrote to a set of pre-existing archetypes like the wise old man and the anima, etc ... which prevents him (or anyone else for that matter) from ever saying anything genuinely new. And of course it requires us to know a contingent biographical detail from nearly a decade in Nietzsche's future to make any sense of the text as published. But worst of all, it packages everything up into a neat set of symbolic identities that propose to decode Nietzsche's 'dream', thus reducing it to bad art. Jung makes all the correspondences admirably clear in a little chart he provides on page 130.
This chart is a travesty. Jung claims in his essay in Man and His Symbols that dream interpretation is an art that must be carefully attuned to the subject, and that the same dream could mean different things in different cases. He emphasizes there's no standard meaning for a given dream symbol. Here however, not only are we reductively mapping a complicated and highly ambiguous set of philosophical symbols straight onto a boilerplate version of Jung's theory of the collective unconscious, but we don't even get anything sensible out of the process that we didn't put into it at the beginning. Jung is attempting to 'mathematically' demonstrate that Nietzsche = Zarathustra (3.d), but this is exactly the assumption he began his diagnosis with! In the meantime he's done nothing useful to elucidate the inner relations of the symbols in the prologue because, as you can see from the chart, everything = everything! The overall interpretation is so bizarrely deaf to the contents of what Nietzsche actually says that it almost makes me want to psychoanalyze the good Herr Doktor himself. Was Jung afraid that a genuine reading of Nietzsche would show how much psychoanalysis in general and he himself in particular owed to Nietzsche?
But the strangest aspect of Jung's approach to TSZ is that while his main point is to reductively use Nietzsche to illustrate his theories, on many occasions he actually proves to be quite a perceptive reader of the text. For example, the most puzzling part of the prologue is section 8, where Zarathustra carries the corpse of the rope-dancer away from of the town in order to bury it. Upon leaving, he encounters a couple of gravediggers who joke that Zarathustra must be trying to steal the corpse from the devil.
At the town gate he met the gravediggers. They shone their torches in his face, recognized Zarathustra and sorely ridiculed him. "Zarathustra is lugging away the dead dog: how nice that he's become a gravedigger! For our hands are too pure for this roast. Would Zarathustra steal this morsel from the devil? So be it then! And good luck with your meal! If only the devil were not a better thief than Zarathustra! – he'll steal them both, he'll devour them both!" (pg. 19)
This is an odd exchange we might at first pass over. But the way this section continues confirms that the reference to the corpse as food is more than a turn of phrase; Zarathustra himself grows hungry in the very next paragraph.
Zarathustra did not say a word and went on his way. By the time he had walked for two hours past woods and swamps, he had heard too much of the hungry howling of wolves and he grew hungry himself. And so he stopped at a lonely house in which a light was burning.
"Hunger falls upon me like a robber," said Zarathustra. "In woods and swamps my hunger falls upon me and in the deep night.
My hunger has odd moods. Often it comes to me only after a meal, and today it did not come the whole day: just where was it?"
And then he soon stumbles upon the house of the old hermit, where he and his 'follower' are offered nothing less than bread and wine.
The old man went away but returned promptly and offered Zarathustra bread and wine. "This is a bad region for those who hunger," he said. "That is why I live here. Beast and human being come to me, the hermit. But bid your companion eat and drink, he is wearier than you." Zarathustra replied: "My companion is dead, I would have a hard time persuading him." "That does not concern me," snapped the old man. "Whoever knocks at my house must also take what I offer him. Eat and take care!" (pg. 20)
Putting these pieces together, we suddenly realize that we're reading a twisting of the idea of the communion. It can't be coincidence that we're discussing a hunger for the body and blood of a corpse just before getting served bread and wine. Nietzsche is alluding to the sarcophagy (as in sarcophagus) at the core of the Christian ritual. This was lost on me the first time I read it, but once it's pointed out, it's pretty unmistakeable.
Jung of course has an elaborate theory about how this scene represents some voice inside Nietzsche the man who calls him back to the body, trying to warn him of the dangers of identifying with the overly spiritual archetype. He identifies this old man with the old man from section 2 of the prologue (the one who didn't know that god is dead) and counts them both as figures of the "wise old man" archetype that he believes Nietzsche has lost himself in. For Jung, these old men symbolize the original spirit of Christianity as a living religion or a sort of perennial philosophy, before it was corrupted by the dogmas of the church. And Zarathustra is also nothing but another avatar of the same archetype, a reincarnation of Christ whose goal is to sweep the money lenders from the temple (again) and restore the true spirit of religion.
As I said, the theory is a bunko where everything = everything = Jung's theory of archetypes. It doesn't allow Nietzsche to say anything new, despite the fact that he's clearly inverting all the symbols and values we associate with these archetypes. Here, for example, we symbolically see an absurdist Christ offer communion to a corpse, as if he were trying to redeem himself through his own body and blood, and then react with grumpy indifference to Zarathustra's suggestion that this doesn't seem like it will work.
For Jung, even the most radical variations of archetypal images, even their direct reversals, are still nothing but new presentations of the same old forces that lie within our unconscious the way Plato's form of Beauty lies within every beautiful boy. But if Jung weren't so busy prematurely forcing the 'mad' Nietzsche into the straight-jacket of his theory of the unconscious, he might be able to see that Nietzsche the man understood the power of archetypes quite well. So well, in fact, that he might agree with Jung that you can never escape the power of an archetype merely by negating it or turning its image on its head. These simple transformations still leave you within its orbit, stuck in a perpetual cycle of negating the negation of the negation of ... How to escape this endless cycle of death and rebirth in order to create genuinely new images is precisely the problem Nietzsche sets for himself. It seems to me that TSZ isn't an attempt to solve this problem so much as to live it.
This interpretation puts a completely different spin on Jung's idea that Nietzsche was 'possessed' by an archetype. Nietzsche is actually showing us something like Jung's theory in action. Certainly, the man must have experienced forces that he felt came from beyond himself to be able to write TSZ. The document we are left with though is not a blind expression of those forces overwhelming a person, but of the personal struggle to understand what it would mean to 'overcome' those forces. At least in his discussion of the prologue, Jung doesn't give Nietzsche enough credit. His interpretation would be closer to the mark if he attributed most of his own ideas to Nietzsche, rather than patronizingly diagnosing the poor man as too overwhelmed to understand what was happening.
But I think Jung's theory of archetypes may be incapable of handling a problem like this. At its root, if it is anything real at all, an archetype is a static figure, conceived in a representational mode that Deleuze calls, "realist, materialist, and subjective or individualist". The archetype may seem to have a profound transpersonal being, but it can only have an effect through the prior assumption of a standard human subject.
... even if we oppose a collective or cosmic unconscious to the individual unconscious, the former can act only through its power to inspire representations in a solipsistic subject, whether this be the subject of a culture or a world. (D&R pg. 104)
In reality, Zarathustra can't be an archetype at all, for the simple reason that he develops over the course of the book. The character of Zarathustra and the book as a whole certainly use the idea of something like an archetype, but one important point of the book seems to be to show the limitations of this idea and the shortcomings of any fixed 'spiritual' doctrine. Accordingly, Nietzsche shows Zarathustra developing his teachings. He shows hime doubting and changing his mind. Even here in the prologue he shows our hero failing to be able to communicate with the crowd. And he shows him waking the morning after he buries the corpse (pg. 20) to the new idea that he needs to attract a few likeminded disciples instead of preaching to everyone. Can it be coincidence that he discovers this immediately after senseless mass where the old hermit 'hosts' the corpse, whether he likes it or not? If Zarathustra is a moving target then Jung's whole theory of Nietzsche's identification with his archetype falls apart. Which Zarathustra is he identified with?
No comments:
Post a Comment